Ocena prehranskega vnosa in prehranskih navad vrhunskih slovenskih rokometašev v tekmovalnem obdobju ; Assessment of dietary intake and nutritional habits of Slovenian elite male handball players during the competition period

Dobre prehranske navade, ki vključujejo zadosten energijski vnos in primerno razporeditev makrohranil, so pomemben dejavnik pri zagotavljanju uspehov vrhunskih športnikov. Na tak način športniki pokrijejo energijske potrebe, vzdržujejo primerno telesno maso, preprečujejo poškodbe in pojav pretreniranosti. Namen magistrskega dela je bil preveriti prehranske navade in ovrednotiti prehranski vnos vrhunskih slovenskih rokometašev ter rezultate primerjati s priporočili Mednarodne zveze za športno prehrano (ISSN). V prvem delu raziskave smo vpogled v prehranske navade rokometašev pridobili z vprašalnikom, prilagojenim po vzorcu Vprašalnika o pogostosti uživanja živil (Food Frequency Questionnaire) in vprašalnika EU Menu. Izpolnilo ga je 99 rokometašev iz klubov, ki so bili v sezoni 2018/2019 uvrščeni na eno od prvih šestih mest v 1. A moški državni rokometni ligi. V drugem delu smo ovrednotili prehranski vnos z metodo 7-dnevnega prehranskega dnevnika in z računalniškim programom Odprta platforma za klinično prehrano. Prehranski dnevnik je izpolnilo 11 rokometašev, ki so sodelovali tudi pri prvem delu raziskave. Rezultati vprašalnika o prehranskih navadah so pokazali, da polovica rokometašev uživa 4 obroke dnevno. Med tednom zajtrk uživa 57 % rokometašev, za vikend ga uživa 78 %. Vsak dan 93 % rokometašev uživa kosilo in 88 % večerjo. Za vikend oba dni uživa kosilo 99 %, večerjo pa 98 % rokometašev. Rezultati vrednotenja prehranskega dnevnika so pokazali, da je bil povprečni energijski dnevni vnos rokometašev prenizek za 4129,5 kJ ± 2045,2 kJ (978,9 kcal ± 489,3 kcal). Energijski vnos beljakovin (20,7 %) je bil v skladu s priporočili ISSN, delež zaužitih maščob (35,1 %) je bil previsok, vnos ogljikovih hidratov (44,4 %) pa je bil prenizek. Ugotovili smo, da prehrana rokometašev ni skladna s priporočili, zato je smiselna vpeljava prehranskih intervencij v slovenskih rokometnih klubih. ; Good eating habits, which include sufficient energy intake and appropriate distribution of macronutrients, are important factors in achieving success of top-level athletes. That way athletes can cover their energy needs, maintain appropriate body mass, prevent injuries, and the occurrence of overtraining. The aim of the master thesis was to examine the eating habits and to evaluate nutritional intake of top-level Slovenian handball players, as well as to compare the results with the recommendations of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN). In the first part of our research, we obtained the information about their eating habits with the help of a questionnaire adapted from the Food Frequency Questionnaire and EU Menu questionnaire. The questionnaire was filled out by 99 handball players from clubs that were ranked in one of the first six places in the Slovenian First League (men’s handball) during the 2018/2019 season. In the second part, we evaluated the dietary intake by the 7-day food diary method using the computer program Open Platform for Clinical Nutrition. The diary was filled out by 11 handball players who participated in the first part of the research. The results of eating habits showed that half of the handball players have 4 meals per day. On weekdays, 57% of handball players eat breakfast, while 78% have breakfast on weekends. 93% of handball players have lunch and 88% have dinner every day, while on weekends (both days) 99% of handball players have lunch and 98% have dinner. The results of the evaluation of the food diaries showed that the average daily energy intake of handball players was too low by 4129.5 kJ ± 2045.2 kJ (978.9 kcal ± 489.3 kcal). Energy intake of protein (20.7%) was in line with the ISSN recommendations, the proportion of the fat intake (35.0%) was too high, and carbohydrate intake (44.4%) was too low. The research showed that the diet of handball players is not in line with the recommendations, therefore it is appropriate to introduce nutritional interventions in Slovenian handball clubs.