Global warming potential assessment under reclaimed water and livestock wastewater irrigation coupled with co-application of inhibitors and biochar.

The application of nitrification inhibitors (nitrapyrin) and urease inhibitors (N-(N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) under conventional water resources has been considered as an effective means to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency and mitigate soil greenhouse gas emissions. However, it is not known whether the inhibitors still have an inhibitory effect under unconventional water resources (reclaimed water and livestock wastewater) irrigation and whether their use in combination with biochar improves the mitigation effect. Therefore, unconventional water resources were used for irrigation, with groundwater (GW) control. Nitrapyrin and N-(N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide were used alone or in combination with biochar in a pot experiment, and CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 emissions were measured. The results showed that irrigation of unconventional water resources exacerbated global warming potential (GWP). All exogenous substance treatments increased CO 2 and CH 4 emissions and suppressed N 2 O emissions, independent of the type of water, compared to no substances (NS). The inhibitors were ineffective in reducing the GWP whether or not in combination with biochar, and the combined application of inhibitors with biochar further increased the GWP. This study suggests that using inhibitors and biochar in combination to regulate the greenhouse effect under unconventional water resources irrigation should be done with caution.

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Zhongyang Li reports financial support was provided by National Key Research and Development Program of China. Zhongyang Li reports financial support was provided by Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund. Yuan Liu reports financial support was provided by Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund. Chuncheng Liu reports financial support was provided by Scientific and Technological Project of Henan. Yuan Liu reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Yuan Liu reports financial support was provided by Talent Cultivation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Zhongyang Li reports financial support was provided by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

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