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The identity of the earliest inhabitants of Xinjiang, in the heart of Inner Asia, and the languages that they spoke have long been debated and remain contentious 1 . Here we present genomic data from 5 individuals dating to around 3000-2800 BC from the Dzungarian Basin and 13 individuals dating to around 2100-1700 BC from the Tarim Basin, representing the earliest yet discovered human remains from North and South Xinjiang, respectively. We find that the Early Bronze Age Dzungarian individuals exhibit a predominantly Afanasievo ancestry with an additional local contribution, and the Early-Middle Bronze Age Tarim individuals contain only a local ancestry. The Tarim individuals from the site of Xiaohe further exhibit strong evidence of milk proteins in their dental calculus, indicating a reliance on dairy pastoralism at the site since its founding. Our results do not support previous hypotheses for the origin of the Tarim mummies, who were argued to be Proto-Tocharian-speaking pastoralists descended from the Afanasievo 1,2 or to have originated among the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex 3 or Inner Asian Mountain Corridor cultures 4 . Instead, although Tocharian may have been plausibly introduced to the Dzungarian Basin by Afanasievo migrants during the Early Bronze Age, we find that the earliest Tarim Basin cultures appear to have arisen from a genetically isolated local population that adopted neighbouring pastoralist and agriculturalist practices, which allowed them to settle and thrive along the shifting riverine oases of the Taklamakan Desert.

Titel:	The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies.
Autor/in / Beteiligte Person:	Zhang, F ; Ning, C ; Scott, A ; Fu, Q ; Bjørn, R ; Li, W ; Wei, D ; Wang, W ; Fan, L ; Abuduresule, I ; Hu, X ; Ruan, Q ; Niyazi, A ; Dong, G ; Cao, P ; Liu, F ; Dai, Q ; Feng, X ; Yang, R ; Tang, Z ; Ma, P ; Li, C ; Gao, S ; Xu, Y ; Wu, S ; Wen, S ; Zhu, H ; Zhou, H ; Robbeets, M ; Kumar, V ; Krause, J ; Warinner, C ; Jeong, C ; Cui, Y
Link:	Zum Volltext
Zeitschrift:	Nature, Jg. 599 (2021-11-01), Heft 7884, S. 256-261
Veröffentlichung:	Basingstoke : Nature Publishing Group ; <i>Original Publication</i>: London, Macmillan Journals ltd., 2021
Medientyp:	academicJournal
ISSN:	1476-4687 (electronic)
DOI:	10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
Schlagwort:	Agriculture history Animals Cattle China Cultural Characteristics Dental Calculus chemistry Desert Climate Diet history Europe Female Goats Grassland History, Ancient Humans Male Milk Proteins analysis Phylogeography Principal Component Analysis Proteome analysis Proteomics Sheep Whole Genome Sequencing Archaeology Genome, Human genetics Genomics Human Migration history Mummies history Phylogeny
Sonstiges:	Nachgewiesen in: MEDLINE Sprachen: English Publication Type: Historical Article; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Language: English [Nature] 2021 Nov; Vol. 599 (7884), pp. 256-261. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2021 Oct 27. MeSH Terms: Archaeology* ; Genomics* ; Phylogeny* ; Genome, Human / genetics ; Human Migration / history ; Mummies / *history ; Agriculture / history ; Animals ; Cattle ; China ; Cultural Characteristics ; Dental Calculus / chemistry ; Desert Climate ; Diet / history ; Europe ; Female ; Goats ; Grassland ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Milk Proteins / analysis ; Phylogeography ; Principal Component Analysis ; Proteome / analysis ; Proteomics ; Sheep ; Whole Genome Sequencing Comments: Comment in: Nature. 2021 Nov;599(7884):204-206. (PMID: 34707262) ; Comment in: Nature. 2021 Nov;599(7883):19-20. 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(PMID: 1463207610.1021/ac0341261) Grant Information: International ERC_ European Research Council Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Milk Proteins) ; 0 (Proteome) Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20211028 Date Completed: 20220131 Latest Revision: 20221030 Update Code: 20240513 PubMed Central ID: PMC8580821

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The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies.