Osteogenic capability of strontium and icariin-loaded TiO <subscript>2</subscript> nanotube coatings in vitro and in osteoporotic rats.

Titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys are widely used biomaterials, but they lack osteogenic capability for rapid bone integration. To improve osseointegration of Ti implants, TiO 2 nanotubes were prepared using the anodizing oxidation technique, and strontium (Sr) combined with icariin (ICA) was loaded on TiO 2 nanotube coatings. Cell adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization of extracellular matrix, and bone formation around titanium implants in ovariectomized rats, were examined separately. The results showed that compared with pure Ti, TiO 2 and Sr-loaded TiO 2 coatings, the coatings loaded with both Sr and ICA showed better effect on cell adhesion and proliferation, higher ALP activity and more red-stained mineralized nodules. Furthermore, more bone was formed around implants loaded with both Sr and ICA in osteoporotic rats. Therefore, coating with Sr and ICA is valuable for clinical application to strengthen the osseointegration of titanium implants, especially in osteoporotic patients.