MRXCAT2.0: Synthesis of realistic numerical phantoms by combining left-ventricular shape learning, biophysical simulations and tissue texture generation.

Background: Standardised performance assessment of image acquisition, reconstruction and processing methods is limited by the absence of images paired with ground truth reference values. To this end, we propose MRXCAT2.0 to generate synthetic data, covering healthy and pathological function, using a biophysical model. We exemplify the approach by generating cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images of healthy, infarcted, dilated and hypertrophic left-ventricular (LV) function. Method: In MRXCAT2.0, the XCAT torso phantom is coupled with a statistical shape model, describing population (patho)physiological variability, and a biophysical model, providing known and detailed functional ground truth of LV morphology and function. CMR balanced steady-state free precession images are generated using MRXCAT2.0 while realistic image appearance is ensured by assigning texturized tissue properties to the phantom labels. Finding: Paired CMR image and ground truth data of LV function were generated with a range of LV masses (85–140 g), ejection fractions (34–51%) and peak radial and circumferential strains (0.45 to 0.95 and − 0.18 to − 0.13, respectively). These ranges cover healthy and pathological cases, including infarction, dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The generation of the anatomy takes a few seconds and it improves on current state-of-the-art models where the pathological representation is not explicitly addressed. For the full simulation framework, the biophysical models require approximately two hours, while image generation requires a few minutes per slice. Conclusion: MRXCAT2.0 offers synthesis of realistic images embedding population-based anatomical and functional variability and associated ground truth parameters to facilitate a standardized assessment of CMR acquisition, reconstruction and processing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]