ZAGREB, LONDON, BERLIN, NEW YORK: THE ORIGINS OF THE RECORD INDUSTRY IN CROATIA (1902-1939).
In: Croatian Musicological Review / Arti Musices, Jg. 53 (2022-07-01), Heft 2, S. 219-236
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Zugriff:
The record industry grew rapidly between 1900 and 1914. Although record production was concentrated in the largest industrialised countries, companies set out to create a global market by recording songs in all major languages. Typically, they sent their engineers on expeditions which took them to major European cities. They made recordings with local artists selected by the company’s local representatives. The recording masters were shipped to a factory to be processed, and the finished pressings sent back to local retailers. The paper will discuss in detail the activities of the Gramophone Company (UK), which made at least 500 recordings in Zagreb and Osijek between 1902 and 1913. The company had several competitors, including the German Lindström group (Odeon, Beka, Parlophon) and Pathé in France, and their activities will also be considered. The Great War caused a break in recording, but after the war the companies returned. Gramophone was back in Zagreb in 1924, and the Germans followed. A new peak in global record sales was reached in 1929. Meanwhile, American record companies, especially Victor and Columbia, created large catalogues of »foreign-language« records for immigrants, including Croatian-Americans. They also issued material recorded by their European associates, such as Gramophone Co., for the American market. The early record industry had been dominated by a small number of multi-national companies which held the basic patents on recording technology. After World War I, local enterprises also entered the market, as independent record companies were started in smaller countries such as Sweden (Sonora), Latvia (Bellaccord), Czechoslovakia (Esta) and Yugoslavia (Edison Bell Penkala). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Diskografska industrija brzo je rasla između 1900. i 1914. Iako je proizvodnja ploča bila koncentrirana u najvećim industrijaliziranim zemljama, tvrtke su krenule u stvaranje globalnog tržišta snimanjem pjesama na svim dominantnim jezicima. Uobičajeno je bilo da tvrtke šalju svoje inženjere na ekspedicije koje bi ih odvele u velike europske gradove. Snimali su s lokalnim izvođačima koje su odabrali lokalni predstavnici tvrtke. Matrice snimaka otpremale su se u tvornicu na obradu, a gotovi otisci slali su se natrag lokalnim prodavačima. Rad potanko govori o djelatnosti tvrtke Gramophone Company (UK), koja je između 1902. i 1913. godine u Zagrebu i Osijeku napravila najmanje 500 snimaka. Tvrtka je imala nekoliko konkurenata, među kojima su njemačka grupa Lindström (Odeon, Beka, Parlophon) i Pathé u Francuskoj, a u radu su se razmatrale i njihove aktivnosti. Svjetski rat uzrokovao je prekid u snimanju, no nakon Rata diskografske su se tvrtke vratile. Gramophone se vratio u Zagreb 1924. godine, a za njim su došli i Nijemci. Novi vrhunac u globalnoj prodaji ploča dosegnut je 1929. godine. U međuvremenu, američke diskografske kuće, posebice Victor i Columbia, izradile su velike kataloge ploča na »stranom jeziku« za imigrante, uključujući i Hrvate u Americi. Za američko tržište izdavale su i materijale koje su snimili njihovi europski suradnici, poput Gramophone Co. Prvom diskografskom industrijom dominirao je malen broj multinacionalnih kompanija koje su držale temeljne patente na tehnologiju snimanja. Nakon Prvog svjetskog rata na tržište su ušla i lokalna poduzeća jer su u manjim zemljama kao što su Švedska (Sonora), Latvija (Bellaccord), Čehoslovačka (Esta) i Jugoslavija (Edison Bell Penkala) pokrenute nezavisne diskografske kuće. Taj je razvoj ubrzala nova gospodarska politika 1930-ih, koja je stvorila carinske barijere i pogodovala lokalnoj proizvodnji. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Titel: |
ZAGREB, LONDON, BERLIN, NEW YORK: THE ORIGINS OF THE RECORD INDUSTRY IN CROATIA (1902-1939).
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Autor/in / Beteiligte Person: | GRONOW, PEKKA ; PENNANEN, RISTO PEKKA |
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Zeitschrift: | Croatian Musicological Review / Arti Musices, Jg. 53 (2022-07-01), Heft 2, S. 219-236 |
Veröffentlichung: | 2022 |
Medientyp: | academicJournal |
ISSN: | 0587-5455 (print) |
DOI: | 10.21857/94kl4clq6m |
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